BH Astrophys Ch6.4~6.5. The need to rethink space and time Any such beam of any kind of particles generated at the speed of light by a moving observer. - ppt download

A note of history The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality. – Hermann Minkowski, 1908
How could the old Galilean view of space and time work to explain this. Apparently, it couldn’t. We need to change our view of space and time. Note: the Lorentz transformations came way before this deeper insight of geometry started to take hold..
The line element in spacetime Verification ：
Namely, we should derive: 1.The effect of Time Dilation 2.The effect of FitGerald Contraction (or Lorentz Contraction) 3.The Lorentz Transforms.
The speed of light in free space has the same value c in all inertial frames. On the Minkowski metric:.
Now Future Past Past light cone Future light cone Trajectory of a particle Any event that has the chance of affecting you at this very moment lies in your past light cone. Any event that you can affect lies in your future light cone..
It’s 8 light minutes away, what happens over there right now is not going to affect us till 8 minutes later. We are here right now. Assume that we don’t move about. The Sun’s future light cone. Our trajectory in spacetime. Our trajectory intersects with the Sun’s future light cone – we see the light from the Sun that is emitted ‘now’ 8 minutes ‘later.’ Trajectory of a spaceship moving away from Earth in direction opposite from the Sun. The light from the Sun finally catches up with the spaceship..
It will also form the basis of our derivation of Lorentz Transformations using the spacetime diagram. x t In the last few slides we just simply drew the spacetime diagram without discussing what exactly we mean by x axis and t axis. First, the t axis: As we have shown, when we are not moving, then our path corresponds to the t axis. Or in general, the t axis is the trajectory of the observer which perceives himself as stationary. Thus, for an observer that we see a moving in the +x direction, his t’ axis would be his trajectory. t’.
The x axis basically shows all events that happen at the same time. How then do we draw the line that corresponds to events of which in the moving observer’s frame are at the same time. A more formal way can be found in Schutz but here is a very simple illustration: x t t’ The Sun ‘now’ in our frame. Consider the Sun to be at a distance x away in our frame. X The Sun ‘now’ for the spaceship. x’.
The Lorentz transformations
Proper time x t event B event A x’ t’
coordinates in 4D) in-between different inertial frames of reference..
Examples *the bar symbol is for moving frame
Example (cont.) x t event B event A x’ t’
The magnitude of 4-velocity
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BH Astrophys Ch6.4~6.5. The need to rethink space and time Any such beam of any kind of particles generated at the speed of light by a moving observer. - ppt download