The Middle Ages (roughly 500 to 1500 CE) saw a very different Europe than the one today. Rather than state rule being recognized above all else, there were competing claims of authority.
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Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648 (The Penguin History of Europe)
Middle Ages
Why was Europe still considered far behind the rest of the world
The Roman Empire: 27 BCE to 4th Century AD - WorldAtlas
Why was Europe still considered far behind the rest of the world
The High Middle Ages: A Period of Great Growth in Europe - WorldAtlas
EUROPE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
What were the main factors that led to the decline of the late
2024 Atlas: Freedom and prosperity around the world by Atlantic
Middle Ages
Greatest Empires in the History of the World - WorldAtlas